1. Poole R. et al. (2018). Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes. BMJ, 360:k194.
2. Feng X. et al. (2023). Role of diet in osteoporosis incidence: Umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 63(19):3420-3429.
3. Asoudeh F. et al. (2023). Coffee consumption and caffeine intake in relation to risk of fractures: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 63(28):9039-9051.
4. Zeng X. et al. (2022). The association of coffee consumption with the risk of osteoporosis and fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int, 33(9):1871-1893.
5. Zhang S. et al. (2024). Association of coffee and tea consumption with osteoporosis risk: A prospective study from the UK biobank. Bone, 186:117135.
6. Li W. et al. (2025). Coffee and tea consumption on the risk of osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Front Nutr, 12:1559835.
7. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2015). Scientific Opinion on the Safety of Caffeine. EFSA Journal, 13(5):4102.
8. Kanis, J. A. et al. (2021) SCOPE 2021: A new scorecard for osteoporosis in Europe. Archives of Osteoporosis, 16(1), 82.
9. Van der Linden, M. et al. (2025). Habitual coffee consumption and risk of frailty in later life: the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, Eur J Nutr, 64:164.
10. Chua K.Y. et al. (2023). Consumption of Coffee, Tea, and Caffeine at Midlife, and the Risk of Physical Frailty in Late Life. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 24(11):1655-1662.e3.
11. Pang S. et al. (2023). Association between coffee intake and frailty among older American adults: A population-based cross-sectional study. Front Nutr, 10:1075817.
12. Berman N.K. et al. (2022). The effects of caffeine on bone mineral density and fracture risk. Osteoporos Int, 33(6):1235-1241.
13. Hallström H. et al. (2013). Long-term coffee consumption in relation to fracture risk and bone mineral density in women. Am J Epidemiol, 15;178(6):898-909.
14. Liu Q. et al. (2025). Caffeine intake is inversely associated with osteoporosis risk based on cross-sectional and genetic evidence. Sci Rep, 1;15(1):20720.
15. Choi E.J. et al. (2014). Coffee Consumption and Bone Mineral Density in Korean Pre-menopausal Women. Korean J Fam Med, 35(1).
16. Choi E. et al. (2016). The Benefit of Bone Health by Drinking Coffee among Korean Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Fourth & Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. PLoS One, 11(1):e0147762.
17. Choi M.K. et al. (2016). The Association between Coffee Consumption and Bone Status in Young Adult Males according to Calcium Intake Level. Clin Nutr Res. 5(3):180-9.
18. Dai Z, et al. (2018). Coffee and tea drinking in relation to risk of hip fracture in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Bone. 112:51-7.
19. Marques E.A. (2018). Cigarette smoking and hip volumetric bone mineral density and cortical volume loss in older adults: The AGES-Reykjavik study. Bone, 108(2018)186-92.
20. Li Y. et al. (2023). Soft drinks, tea and coffee consumption in relation to risk of fracture: evidence from china health and nutrition survey. J Bone Miner Metab, 41(5):621-630.
21. Wang G. et al. (2022). Association between caffeine intake and lumbar spine bone mineral density in adults aged 20-49: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 13:1008275.
22. Cui A. et al. (2023). Association between caffeine consumption and bone mineral density in children and adolescent: Observational and Mendelian randomization study. PLoS One, 18(6):e0287756.
23. Xu J. et al. (2024). Coffee Drinking and the Odds of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis in Middle-Aged and Older Americans: A Cross-Sectional Study in NHANES 2005-2014. Calcif Tissue Int, 114(4):348-359.