Bone mineral density is a key consideration when assessing fracture risk. However, work assessing the association between coffee consumption, bone mineral density and fracture risk has provided inconclusive results.
- A large cross-sectional study based on a sample of the China National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2018 found that caffeine intake was not significantly linked with lumbar Bone Mineral Density (BMD). However, a detailed review of subgroups suggested that drinking coffee may benefit lumbar BMD in women aged 30-39 years, but may adversely affect men aged 40-4921
- A 2023 epidemiological cross-sectional study based on the China National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, measured the relationship between caffeine consumption and BMD in children and adolescents. The results do not support a causal relationship between caffeine consumption and BMD in children and adolescents. However, the authors recommended further studies to verify findings, including underlying molecular mechanisms and the long-term impact of early caffeine exposure at a younger age22
- A 2024 study investigating the association of coffee consumption and odds of osteoporosis/osteopenia among individuals older than 50 years in the United States suggests that moderate habitual coffee intake (≤ 2 cups coffee a day) could have protective effects against osteoporosis or osteopenia of femoral neck and spine, among US adults over the age of 5023
