- A 2020 US prospective study of 20,433 middle-aged and older men from the Physicians' Health Study reported no association between either coffee consumption or dietary caffeine intake and the risk of heart failure17
- A 2021 review, combining three diet domain studies, to identify potential risk factors associated with coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure, showed higher coffee intake was associated with reduced risk of heart failure in all three studies18
- A 2021 review of coffee consumption in those with diagnosed CVD including, hypertension, angina or heart arrhythmia, suggested this group were all more likely to drink less caffeinated coffee and to be non-habitual or decaffeinated coffee drinkers than those who did not report symptoms. The authors concluded that people tend to naturally self-regulate their coffee consumption,based on their own judgments19
- Reviews published in 2020 and 2022 reported that moderate coffee consumption (2–5 cups per day) has been consistently associated with a lower risk of CVD and that up to 5 cups of coffee per day may have promising benefits20,21
- Results presented at the 2022 European Society of Cardiology annual congress also showed a correlation between a higher voluntary daily consumption of caffeine (>280g per day) from any source and significant reductions of incidences of cerebrovascular events, heart failure and arrhythmias in men. No association was found in women22