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Latest research:
Pregnancy

References

Last updated:
04 Jun 2026
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Pregnancy
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Effects of coffee consumption
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  11. Schmidt R.J. et al. (2009): Maternal caffeine consumption and risk of neural tube defects.Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology, 85:879-89.
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  14. Li Z.X. et al. (2015): Maternal Coffee Consumption During Pregnancy and Neural Tube Defects in Offspring: A Meta-Analysis. Fetal & Paed Pathol, 35(1):1-9.
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  34. NHS Choices ‘Foods to avoid in pregnancy’. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/foods-to-avoid-pregnant.aspx/close#
  35. March of Dimes ‘Caffeine in Pregnancy’. Available at: https://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/caffeine-in-pregnancy.aspx

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