ABSTRACT

Objectives:
Given the global decline in semen quality, it is crucial to investigate the modifiable factors, such as lifestyle that influence semen quality in men. This cross-sectional observational study evaluated the association between coffee intake, physical activity, sleep, and semen quality.

Methods:
A total of 3,302 male participants, aged 18-60 years, underwent urological assessments, provided semen samples, and participated in anthropometric measurements and a questionnaire addressing lifestyle factors related to semen quality. A multiple linear regression model was used to examine the associations between coffee consumption, physical activity, sleep, and semen quality. Furthermore, mediation models were developed to explore the potential mediating role of sleep in the relationship between coffee intake, physical activity, and semen quality.

Results:
The results showed that not drinking coffee was positively associated with the sperm total motility rate, and the sperm progressive motility rate, and negatively associated with the sperm immotility rate. Physical activity was also positively correlated with semen volume. Subgroup analysis showed that physical activity mitigated the effect of coffee on semen quality. In addition, mediation analysis revealed that the time of falling asleep mediated the relationship between coffee consumption and semen quality. Moreover, the average duration of nightly sleep mediated the relationship between physical activity and various semen motility parameters.

Conclusions:
The associations among coffee intake, physical activity, sleep and semen quality were statistically significant. These findings highlight the importance of a healthy lifestyle for optimal male semen quality.

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