ABSTRACT

Background:  
To investigate the association of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption with the risk of diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods:  
This is a cross-sectional study included 6311 women(1313 with diabetes mellitus, 574 with GDM) using NHANES data (2007-2018). Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations between coffee/caffeine intake and diabetes mellitus/GDM risk. Subgroup analyses were done to test results robustness.

Results:
Higher caffeinated coffee intake was associated with a decreased risk of diabetes mellitus, with ORs of 0.80 (95%CI, 0.66-0.99) for ≤1 cup/day, 0.73 (95%CI, 0.60-0.88) for 1-2 cups/day, 0.86 (95%CI, 0.69-1.07) for 2-3 cups/day, and 0.74 (95%CI, 0.57-0.96) for >3 cups/day. There were dose-response associations of caffeine consumption and the risk of diabetes mellitus. Stratified analyses highlighted obvious relationships of higher caffeine intake with decreased diabetes mellitus in individuals with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and those with lower physical activity levels. No significant association was found between coffee intake and GDM risk.

Conclusions:
Coffee consumption, particularly caffeinated coffee, is associated with a decreased risk of diabetes mellitus but not with GDM. These findings suggest potential metabolic benefits of coffee.

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