Coffee and CVD mortality risk

• A 2020 systematic concluded that coffee consumption was associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality and not associated with an increase in all-cause mortality, with a significant non-linear dose response association found for coffee consumption and all-cause mortality⁸

•  A 2022 study from the UK Biobank concluded that light-to-moderate coffee drinkers (0.5-3 cups per day) had a lower risk of all-cause mortality and CVD mortality vs. non-coffee drinkers, with up to 3 cups per day being associated with favourable CVD outcomes, most notably a decreased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality and stroke incidence⁹

• A further 2022 study using UK Biobank data concluded that coffee intakeof 2-3 cups per day showed the lowest risk for CVD and all-cause mortality,whilst CVD mortality risk was lowest at 1 cup per day¹⁰

‍